Find oscar pistorius biography pdf

Uploaded by station Hamburger icon An icon used to represent a menu that can be toggled by interacting with this icon. Web icon An illustration of a computer application window Wayback Machine Texts icon An illustration of an open book. Texts Video icon An illustration of two cells of a film strip. Video Audio icon An illustration of an audio speaker.

Audio Software icon An illustration of a 3. Software Images icon An illustration of two photographs. Images Donate icon An illustration of a heart shape Donate Ellipses icon An illustration of text ellipses. Donate icon An illustration of a heart shape "Donate to the archive" User icon An illustration of a person's head and chest. Search icon An illustration of a magnifying glass.

Metropolitan Museum Cleveland Museum of Art. Internet Arcade Console Living Room. Open Library American Libraries. Search the Wayback Machine Search icon An illustration of a magnifying glass. Sign up for free Log in. Oscar Pistorius Bookreader Item Preview. It appears your browser does not have it turned on. Thus, one may argue that in most of the cases enhancement should be eligible in sport on the grounds of procedural fairness, i.

In some exceptional cases which are considered in this paper, one may argue for the eligibility of corrective enhancements which are necessary to allow an individual to participate in sport activity only if they promote skills and do not replace or overshadow natural abilities; and if they do not fundamentally alter the character of a discipline, but promote its aim.

Find oscar pistorius biography pdf

The Paralympic games have become a global sporting event watched by millions of people, however it is still dwarfed by the Olympic games in terms of media coverage and viewing figures. Recently issues of fairness of competition in relation to the technology used and the classifications given to athletes have come to the fore. Notable examples include the double amputee Oscar Pistorius qualifying and being allowed to compete in the London Olympic games and also querying prosthetics worn by a competitor in the Paralympics.

This study used Labeling Theory Becker, and Justice Theory Rawls, as a theoretical framework in order to investigate public attitudes towards and knowledge about these issues of fair competition in the Paraympics and the impact this has on viewing. It was found that the participants had an increased knowledge about technology above other aspects of the events and the level of knowledge of the subjects had an effect on other parameters.

It was also revealed that knowledge level had an effect on viewing of Paralympic events. On 8 Septemberthe Swiss Federal Supreme Sport dismissed the double appeal by Caster Semenya against the decision of the Court for Arbitration of Sport to uphold the World Athletics regulations restricting testosterone levels in female runners. This is the most recent episode of an international legal case which was ignited at the Berlin World Track Championship, when Semenya was 18 years old.

Semenya's case has generated an intricate web of questions for classification in sport that are yet to be resolved. In this paper we aim to disentangle them. We proceed as follows: we describe the problem of binary classification related to Semenya's case and introduce the concept of property advantage, and the fair equality of opportunity principle.

We compare Semenya's case with Eero Mantyranta's case and fail to identify a way according to which the two cases could justifiably be treated differently. We then discuss three possible ways to organize sport categories based on the combination of Loland's fair equality of opportunity principle and our strict attainability criterion, and outline the implications of each alternative for international sports law regulation.

Finally, we summarize and outline the legacy of Semenya for the construction of categories in sport. In Paralympic sports, athletes often depend on some form of equipment to enable activities of daily living, including the ability to participate in sport. Determining precisely when technology assists sports performance and when it transforms or distorts them presents a philosophical and ethical dilemma.

We raise the conceptual problem of line-drawing between promoting rights of access to equipment that provide equal opportunity while proscribing 'boosting' technology where athletes with a disability are afforded an unfair advantage. We set out a multidisciplinary analysis regarding the Olympic eligibility for Oscar Pistorius, the double-amputee world record holder, who runs with transtibial prostheses.

We present scientific data comparing the prosthesis with an anatomical limb, and then contextualise the issue of shifting the boundaries of sports technology and disability to inform better policy-making in relation to the athlete-technology eligibility debate. They show that athletics performed by PWD counts as genuine sport. Notwithstanding these virtues, PG—in their current form—may paradoxycally reinforce social prejudice against PWD.

Athletes with disabilities deserve special attention because they have special needs; but they also deserve an arena where their excellence is offered to the public, and this arena should not be different from that of normal-bodied athletes. In this article, I analyze historical scientifically driven International Olympic Committee documents and policies from the Olympic Studies Center to examine if and how sport organizations, such as the International Olympic Committee, have historically balanced these seemingly partitioned considerations in previous regulatory documents, especially those relating to sex, gender, fairness, and protection.

The author approaches the bioethics of sport as crucial in considering the future of today's sport. Within the bioethics of sport, the youngest sub-discipline of the philosophy of sport McNamee and Morgan,the author notices and distinguishes two fundamental viewpoints that differ in the understanding of bio in the notion of bioethics.

Thus, on the one hand, bio is understood as biotechnology and bio-medicine and includes a discussion of the problems within such areas in sport. On the other hand, bio is understood as life or bios, which includes a wide range of additional sport-related issues. Furthermore, the author considers the bioethics of sport as the most discussed and most vibrant branch of sports philosophy and as crucial for today's professional sports and its future.

Pistorious, M. Rehm, and C. In this sense, the author brings ten anticipated scenarios for the future development of modern sports, based on previous sports-bioethical considerations, research, and insights. The Paralympic Movement explicitly sets out to create a more equitable society and promote participation for all and fairness in disability sport.

This is primarily achieved through the use of a range of interventions with less attention given to how economic factors may hinder access and achievement in Paralympic sport. We investigated how country-level economic variables influence the level of participation and achievement in the International Paralympic Committee IPC Athletics Championships held in Doha.

We used multiple regression analysis to show how levels of participation and achievement in the Championships were significantly determined by economic factors independent of population size. Our data show that in spite of the ideals of inclusion and fairness within the Paralympic Movement and the considerable effort expended on the use of technologies to achieve this, economic factors continue to exert a statistically significant influence on both the level of participation and achievement of Paralympic athletes.

These differences are particularly marked in events that have a high cost of participation. Our findings raise questions regarding the use of current technologies and the level to which they are able to truly disrupt the politics of global inequality in sport. Product or company names used in this set are for identification purposes only.

Inclusion of the names of the products or companies does not indicate a claim of ownership by IGI Global of the trademark or registered trademark. Paleonutrition and food practices in the ancient Near East. Towards a multidisciplinary approach, Milano L. Turkish Bulletin of Hygiene and Experimental Biology, Log in with Facebook Log in with Google.

Remember me on this computer. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Need an account? Click here to sign up. Pistorius vs. Oliveira; Is knowledge of classifications and technology significant in the perception of fair play and audience interest in Paralympic sports requiring prosthetics? Thomas Johnson.

Striving for fairness in Paralympic sport - Support from applied sport science Elizabeth Bressan. The construction of categories in sport: Unfair advantages, equality of opportunity and strict attainability Dr Silvia Camporesi. Shifting boundaries in sports technology and disability: equal rights or unfair advantage in the find oscar pistorius biography pdf of Oscar Pistorius?

Brendan BurkettMike McNamee. Sport, ethics and disability Carlo V Bellieni. Contradiction or Cohesion? In find oscar pistorius biography pdf to race against able-bodied athletes, Pistorius and his prosthetic limbs have caused controversy. Suspicions that the prosthetics give him an unfair advantage over non-users gained legitimacy when the International Amateur Athletics Federation IAAF argued that their use by Pistorius contravenes the eligibility rules of able-bodied athletics.

The results of the Correspondence: C. Given the margins by which athletic sprint events are won, these purported performance advantages wrought by his blades are at first blush completely beyond the pale. As a result of the findings described above, the IAAF ruled that that the blades constituted a technical aid that produced an advantage, therefore contravening Rule Initially, the IAAF excluded Pistorius from competing at the Olympics, a decision that was subsequently overturned by the Court of Arbitration for Sport following an appeal by Pistorius.

Notwithstanding the particular impact this public dispute has had on Pistorius himself, the case raises some important and difficult questions for sporting institutions, rule makers, and governing bodies alike. In this paper, we examine the ideas that feature centrally in the debate, in particular the complex issues of fairness and athletic performance.

Edwards examined the case from a moral philosophical perspective and identified a number of arguments that could be, and were used, as grounds for excluding Pistorius from the Olympics. These included the fact that he was disabled, that he had an impairment, that he gained an unfair advantage over his competitors, that he might cause harm to others, aesthetic considerations, coercion, and last, but by no means least, that he was doing something other than running.

For the purpose of this paper, however, we focus initially on two closely related issues before returning briefly to the matter of institutional decision making in sport. First, we deal with the claim that Pistorius ought not to compete because he gains an unfair advantage. Secondly, we explore the claim that Pistorius ought not to compete because he is not running, he is doing something else.

Unfair advantage The basis of the most common objection to his inclusion in any future Olympics is that Pistorius uses means to gain advantage over his competitors in a race that are illegitimate and therefore deemed unfair, or vice versa. Empirical evidence was used initially by the IAAF to substantiate this claim. The alleged advantage gained by Pistorius can be described in two ways.

The first relates to the comparative amount of energy expenditure and loss while running. One mechanism via which mechanical efficiency in running and sprinting is maintained is the storage and later return of elastic potential energy by the elastic structure tendons and ligaments of the lower extremities Novacheck, The report commissioned by the IAAF stated that the energy loss i.

In addition to this mechanical efficiency, the blades have a reduced metabolic cost due to their passive nature. Structures, such as the blades, are able to return energy passively i. Due to the ultra-light carbon fibre from which the blades are constructed, the mass that Pistorius has to accelerate is lower than that of an able-bodied athlete. In other words, his prosthetics have less mass than the equivalent limbs.

Myers and Steudel found that increased mass increased the energetic cost of running, and this was further evident when the increased mass was in the limbs. It has also been suggested that the prosthetic blades may give an athlete longer legs than they would have had naturally, therefore potentially giving them a greater stride length. Although the data are insightful as to certain performance parameters that characterize Pistorius and not his able-bodied competitors, it does not follow directly that these differences constitute an unfair advantage.

Bestp. Two important questions must be answered before the unfair conclusion can be examined. First, do the blades give Pistorius an advantage over able-bodied athletes? And, second, are there any disadvantages that negate the advantages? Evidence seems to point in both directions on this matter. When presenting his case to the Court of Arbitration for Sport, Pistorius argued that some features of the limbs have negative performance effects that outweigh or simply compensate for the positive features identified.

One factor that is undisputedly a disadvantage for Pistorius is the start and initial acceleration phase of a race.